Periodic Trends

The last thing we learned in this unit was periodic trends.  These trends include: electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radius, melting point, and metallic character.

A super, duper easy way to remember these trends is this:

All trends increase up and to the right except for metallic character and atomic radius.

These 2 trends increase down and to the left.

Here's a picture to more clearly see the trends:

Quantum Numbers

Another way to name elements on the table is with quantum numbers. There are a total of 4. First there is t he Principal Quantum Number (signified by the letter 'n'). This can be found just by identifying which energy level the element is in.

The Azimuthal Quantum Number (signified by the letter 'ℓ') is based on the sublevel:

s= 0

p-1

d=2

f=3

The Magnetic Quantum Number (signified by the letter 'm' or mℓ) is also based on the sublevel. Depending on the number of orbitals, this will either be 0, -/+1, -/+ 2, or -/+3.

The Spin Quantum Number (signified by the letter 's' or ms) is based on the magnetic quantum number, but it is whichever number you run out of electrons on, when you're making the electron configurations. 1 electron is a +1/2 spin, 2 electrons is a -1/2 spin. 

Resources

I like to make one dedicated post a unit just for all the great resources I found. I feel like this makes it easier for people to sort through them and find which ones help. Here are all of the great sources I've been studying from:

http://sciences.unlv.edu/Chemistry/hatchett/pdf/103/CH09Solutions.pdf

https://edocs.uis.edu/hbapa1/www/CHE141/Flash/pdf/Chapter7.pdf

http://www.chemteam.info/Electrons/LightEquations1.html

http://www.chemteam.info/Electrons/QuantumNumbers.html

http://www.chemteam.info/Electrons/Video-given-ionization-energy-calc-wavelength.html

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Trends

Calculations with Energy

There are 2 very easy, yet important equations involved with finding energy, wavelength, and frequency.

One of them is:

The value of C is 3.0x10^8.

The second equation is E=h * f

E stands for energy.

h stands for Plank's constant, which is 6.63 * 10^-34

f stands for frequency, which can be calculated with the above equation. 

Light Spectrum

Additionally. being able to put the different sections of light in the light spectrum in order is crucial to understanding calculations.

The spectrum goes, in order of increasing wavelength and decreasing energy:

Gamma Rays
X-Rays
UV Rays
Visible Light
Infared Rays
MicroWaves
Radio Waves

Here's a visual depiction below:

Identifying Sublevels

The most important fundamental skill for this entire unit is being able to see a periodic table and label it accurately. 

For the unit, the table needs to be labelled into a s, p, d, and f group, as well as the primary energy levels.

On this periodic table here the red represents the s, with 1 orbital and 2 electrons. Yellow represents the p sublevel with 3 orbitals and 6 electrons. The blue represents the d sublevel with 5 orbitals and 10 electrons. Finally, the green represents the f sublevel with 7 orbitals and 14 electrons.